9.5 Case

Each verb has a set of semantic case relations. For instance in the sentence 'I gave flowers to my wife' the verb give has three case relations. 'I' is the Agent,
'flowers' is the Patient, and 'my wife is the 'Recipient'. In this sentence the only word that marks a case relation is 'to'. English often marks case relations by their position in the sentence. Some languages mark case relations by affixes, prepositions, postpositions, and sometimes special verbs. To completely describe a language, each verb must be investigated, all its case relations must be identified, and all the ways in which these relations are marked must be described. Since verbs are often unique and unpredictable in their case relations, this information should go into the dictionary. This section should be used to classify the words and affixes that are used to mark case relations. This domain should be used for technical terms that refer to case.

Louw Nida Codes: 
90 Case
90A Agent, Personal or Nonpersonal, Causative or Immediate, Direct or Indirect
90C Source of Event or Activity
90D Responsibility
90E Viewpoint Participant
90F Content
90G Guarantor Participant with Oaths
90H Opposition
90J Reason Participant
90K Agent of a Numerable Event
90L Agent in a Causative Role Marked by Verbs
90M Experiencer
90N To Cause To Experience
  • What words are used to refer to case?
    case, declension

    • 9.5.1 Primary cases

    Use this section for primary cases.

  • What words indicate the subject of a sentence?
    (no words in English)
  • What words indicate the object of a sentence?
    (no words in English)
  • What words indicate the indirect object of a sentence?
    to,

    • 9.5.1.1 Beneficiary of an event

    Use this domain for words that mark the beneficiary of an event. The sentence "John built a house for his father" is ambiguous. If the house was for his father to live in, then "for" would mark the 'Beneficiary of a patient', meaning that the house was for the father. If, on the other hand, the father was intending to build the house to sell, but couldn't due to an injury, then "for" would mark the 'Beneficiary of an event', meaning the father benefited from the building of the house.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    90I Benefaction
  • What words mark the beneficiary of an event?
    for, for (someone's) sake, for the sake of, for (someone's) benefit, for the benefit of

    • 9.5.1.2 Instrument

    Use this domain for words that mark an instrument used to do something.

    Related domains: 
    6.7 Tool
    6.1.2.2 Use
    Louw Nida Codes: 
    90B Instrument
  • What words mark the instrument used to do something?
    with, using

    • 9.5.1.3 Means

    Use this domain for words indicating the means by which something is done.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89L Means
  • What words indicate the means by which something is done?
    by, by means of

    • 9.5.1.4 Way, manner

    Use this domain for words indicating the way or manner in which something is done.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89N Manner
  • What words indicate the way you do something or the way something is done?
    way, manner, style, fashion, how, thus, mode,
  • What question words ask for the manner in which something is done?
    how,
  • What words indicate that something is done in a particular way?
    in a ... way/manner/fashion, with, like, along ... lines, as if, as though, with an air of,
  • What words indicate the way in which something happened?
    in,

    • 9.5.1.5 Attendant circumstances

    Use this domain for words indicating the attendant circumstances in which something happened.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89M Attendant Circumstances
  • What words indicate attendant circumstances?
    in

    • 9.5.1.6 Spatial location of an event

    Use this domain for words indicating the spatial location of an event.

  • What words indicate the location of an event?
    at

    • 9.5.1.6.1 Source (of movement)

    Use this domain for words that mark the Source (original location) of something.

  • What words indicate the Source of movement?
    source, from

    • 9.5.1.6.2 Path (of movement)

    Use this domain for words indicating the Path of movement.

  • What words indicate the Path of movement?
    via, course, route,

    • 9.5.1.6.3 Goal (of movement)

    Use this domain for words indicating the Goal of movement.

  • What words indicate the Goal of movement?
    to, destination,

    • 9.5.1.6.4 Origin (of a person)

    Use this domain for words that mark the place where someone was born or the place where they have been living.

  • What words indicate the place where someone was born?
    from, be from (the tribe, or country),
  • What words refer to the place where a person is from?
    home town,

    • 9.5.2 Semantically similar events

    Use this section for words that join semantically similar events into one sentence. Each sentence is actually reporting two or more situations, which may differ in one or two respects. The words to be included in these domains indicate that two situations are being reported, or mark the differences between the two situations.

    9.5.2.1 Together

    Use this domain for words indicating when two or more people each do the same thing and do it together, or when they do it separately.

  • What words indicate that some people do something together?
    together,
  • What words indicate that some people do something separately?
    separately,

    • 9.5.2.2 With, be with

    Use this domain for words indicating a person who accompanied the subject of a proposition.

  • What words indicate a person who accompanied the person who is the subject of the clause?
    with, be accompanied by, company, in someone's company, in someone's presence, contact, along with, together with,

    • 9.5.2.3 With, do with someone

    Use this domain for words indicating a person who does something with another person who is the subject of the sentence.

    Related domains: 
    7.2.5 Accompany
  • What words indicate someone who goes somewhere with another person?
    with, along,
  • What words indicate someone who does something with another person?
    with, in conjunction with, in partnership with, in collaboration with, side by side with, shoulder to shoulder with,
  • What words indicate someone who does something bad with another person?
    in league with, in collusion with, in cahoots with, hand in glove with,
  • What words refer to someone who does something with another person?
    partner, companion, fellow (student), sidekick,

    • 9.5.2.4 Each other

    Use this domain for words indicating that two or more people do something to each other.

  • What words indicate that two people do something to each other?
    each other, one another, each...the other, exchange, trade, reciprocate,
  • What words describe something that people do to each other?
    mutual, reciprocal, two-way,

    • 9.5.2.5 In groups

    Use this domain for words indicating that the subjects of a clause do something in groups.

  • What words indicate that something is done in groups?
    in, by

    • 9.5.3 Patient-related cases

    Use this section for cases that bear a relationship to the 'Patient' of a proposition.

    9.5.3.1 Beneficiary (of a patient)

    Use this domain for words that mark the beneficiary of the Patient of an activity. The Patient is often expressed as the object of a sentence. In the sentence
    "John built a house for his parents," the house is the Patient. It is the house that benefits the parents, not the building of the house.

  • What words mark the beneficiary of a Patient?
    for
  • In English the Beneficiary can be the object, but many languages do not allow this.

    • 9.5.3.2 Recipient (of a patient)

    Use this domain for words that mark the recipient of the Patient of an activity. The Patient is usually expressed as the object of a sentence.

  • What words mark the recipient of a patient?
    to
  • In English the Recipient can be the object, but many languages do not allow this.

    • 9.5.3.3 With (a patient)

    Use this domain for words that mark a second Patient that accompanies the primary Patient of an activity. In this type of sentence there are actually two Patients, but one of them has more prominence than the other. The primary patient is usually expressed as the object of the sentence. The second Patient may be marked by an oblique case or preposition/postposition. For instance it may be conceived as accompanying the first Patient.

    Related domains: 
    8.3.7.7.3 Compatible
    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89R Linkage
  • What words mark something that is used with another thing?
    with, together with, combined with, in combination, in conjunction with, alongside, along with,