9.6 Connected with, related

Use the domains in this section for words that indicate a logical relation between two or more words or sentences. Use this domain for words that indicate an unspecified logical relation between people, things, or situations.

Louw Nida Codes: 
89 Relations
89A Relation
  • What words indicate that two things or situations are connected somehow?
    be connected (with), be related (to), be linked (with), be associated (with), there is a link between, there is a connection between, be bound up with, go hand in hand, relate, relation, be a relationship between, relationship, have something to do with, be something to do with, be intertwined, tied, pertain, be relative to,
  • What words indicate that two people are connected somehow?
    be connected with, have links, have connections with, be linked with,
  • What words indicate that two things are connected because they are similar in some way?
    related, associated, allied,
  • What words indicate that several things are connected somehow?
    interconnected, interrelated,
  • What words refer to showing that there is a connection between two things?
    connect, link, associate, make a connection, establish a link, establish a connection, relate, correlate,
  • What words refer to something that connects two things?
    connection, relationship, link (between), point of contact, association, tie, relation, correlation, interplay,
  • What words indicate that there is no connection between two things?
    no connection, unrelated, unconnected,
  • What words indicate that something someone says has no connection with the topic being discussed?
    irrelevant, be beside the point, have nothing to do with, be nothing to do with, be neither here nor there, doesn't come into it, be a red herring,

    • 9.6.1 Coordinate relations

    Use this section for words indicating coordinate relations. Do not put any words in this domain. It is only for organizational purposes.

    9.6.1.1 And, also

    Use this domain for words that indicate that you are adding another thought to a previous thought. Words in this domain may indicate a variety of relationships between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. For instance the words may join two clauses that are the same except that the subjects are different, or the objects are different, or the verbs are different.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89Q Addition
  • What words indicate that you are adding another thought to a previous one?
    and, also, too, besides, besides this, as well, so do I/so has she/so are they, in addition, not to mention, likewise, both...and, and also, again, further, in addition to, not only...but also, some...others, first...then, let me add
  • What words indicate that you are adding something new to what you just said?
    and, also, furthermore, moreover, what's more, besides, by the way, incidentally,
  • What words indicate that you could add more things to the end of a list?
    and so on, and so on and so forth, et cetera, etc, and whatever, or whatever, and the like, and suchlike,
  • What words indicate that you are adding another in a list of thoughts?
    first, second, third, firstly, secondly, thirdly, in the first/second/third place, first of all, to begin with, to start with, finally, lastly, to conclude, in conclusion, last but not least,

    • 9.6.1.2 Or, either

    Use this domain for words indicating an alternative relation between two things or propositions.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89X Alternative Relation
  • What words indicate alternative relation?
    or, either...or, alternatively, nor, otherwise, alternative, optional,

    • 9.6.1.3 Association

    Use this domain for words indicating an association between two things.

  • What words indicate association?
    with, among, together with, between...and, be one with, in common, in union with, union

    • 9.6.1.4 Combinative relation

    Use this domain for words indicating a combinative relation between two things.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89V Combinative Relation
  • What words indicate combinative relation?
    with, together with, combined with, mixed with,

    • 9.6.1.5 But

    Use this domain for words indicating a contrast between two thoughts that are different in some way.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89W Contrast
  • What words indicate that someone wants to do something, but is not able to do it?
    but, however,
  • What words indicate that something seems to be true, but is not true?
    but, however,
  • What words indicate that something is true in spite of facts or problems that make it seem unlikely?
    but, yet, still, nevertheless, even so, anyway, all the same, in spite of this, despite this, for all that, though, although,
  • What words indicate that an opinion is different than the opinion you have just given?
    but, however, on the other hand, at the same time, having said that, mind you,
  • What words indicate that something is true of one person or thing, but not true of another?
    but, however, whereas, while, by contrast, conversely,
  • What words indicate that although one person or thing is similar to another, there is a difference between them?
    but, only, except, except for the fact that,
  • What words indicate that something could happen, but something else prevented it from happening?
    but, only, except,
  • What words indicate that the opposite of something is true?
    on the contrary, contrary to, in contrast, as opposed to,

    • 9.6.1.5.1 Except

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is an exception to a group, rule or pattern--something is true of all the things (or people) in a group, but it is not true of one thing.

  • What words indicate that something is not included in a group, rule, or pattern?
    except, except for, apart from, aside from, bar, excepting, but for, but, with the exception of, but not,
  • What words refer to something that is not included in a group?
    exception,

    • 9.6.1.5.2 Instead

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is true of one thing (or person) instead of another thing.

  • What words indicate that something is true of one thing instead of another thing?
    instead, rather than, in place of, in preference to, in favor of, in lieu,
  • What words indicate that something is true of one person instead of another person?
    instead, in someone's place, for, on someone's behalf,

    • 9.6.1.6 Dissociation

    Use this domain for words indicating a dissociation relation between two things or propositions.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89U Dissociation
  • What words indicate dissociation?
    without, not with, no relationship to, apart from, independent of, from, free from, separated from

    • 9.6.1.7 Distribution

    Use this domain for words indicating that an event is distributed throughout a group, area, or time span.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89P Distribution
  • What words indicate distribution?
    throughout, through, from...to, after, each, apiece

    • 9.6.1.8 Equivalence

    Use this domain for words indicating equivalence between two things or propositions.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89S Equivalence
  • What words indicate equivalence?
    that is, that means, i.e.,

    • 9.6.2 Dependency relations

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is dependent on another thing.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89B Dependency
  • What words express the fact that something is logically dependent on another?
    to depend on, that depends, depend upon, dependency, dependent, hang on, tied to, lean on, stand on, supportive relationship

    • 9.6.2.1 Derivation

    Use this domain for words indicating that something derives from another thing.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89C Derivation
  • What words express the fact that something is derived from another?
    derive, derived from, derivation, rooted in the past,

    • 9.6.2.2 Limitation of topic

    Use this domain for words indicating the topic that is being talked about.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89D Specification
  • What words indicate the specific area or topic that is being talked about?
    specify, specified, specification, specifically in regard to, with regard to, in the case of, concerning, in the area of, in, with, between...and, as touching, particular, particularly, more especially

    • 9.6.2.2.1 In general

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is generally true, but not true in every case.

  • What words indicate that something is generally true?
    in general, generally, mostly, on the whole, in most cases,

    • 9.6.2.3 Relations involving correspondences

    Use this domain for words indicating relations involving correspondences--a situation in which one thing is the same or similar in some respect to something else.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89E Relations Involving Correspondence
  • What words indicate that one thing corresponds to another?
    correspond to, correspondence, in accordance with, in relation to, according to, in line with, in proportion to, to apply to, to regard as applicable to, in keeping with

    • 9.6.2.4 Basis

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is the basis for another thing.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89F Basis
  • What words indicate that one thing is the basis for another?
    basis, foundation, on the basis of, in view of, by virtue of, be the basis of, form the basis of, on what basis? What do you base your...?

    • 9.6.2.5 Cause

    Use this domain for words that indicate that someone or something is the cause for an event or state, that one event is the cause for another event or state, or that an event or state is reasonable (having sufficient cause). For instance in the sentence, "John caused David to fall," "John caused" is an enabling proposition that brings about the primary proposition "David fell."

    Related domains: 
    3.3.3.5 Compel
    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89G Cause and/or Reason
  • What words indicate that someone caused something to happen?
    made, cause
  • What words indicate that something is the cause or reason for an event or state?
    cause, reason, source, because, because of, for this reason, for the above reasons, for the following reasons, first cause, origin, breed (v), gives birth to, due to, owing to, thus
  • What words indicate that something is reasonable?
    reasonable

    • 9.6.2.5.1 Reason

    Use this domain for words that reason why someone does something.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89G Cause and/or Reason
  • What words reason why someone does something?
    reason, motive, motivation
  • What words refer to a reason that explains why something happened?
    reason, explanation,

    • 9.6.2.5.2 Without cause

    Use this domain for words that indicate that an event or state has no cause or reason, or is unreasonable (has insufficient cause).

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89G Cause and/or Reason
  • What words indicate that something has no cause or reason?
    without cause, unreasonable, without basis, absurd, for no reason, by itself
  • What words indicate that something is contrary to reason?
    contrary to reason, absurd
  • What words indicate that something is self-caused?

    • 9.6.2.6 Result

    Use this domain for words indicating that something is the result of another thing.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89H Result
  • What words indicate the result of something?
    result, outcome, end, to result in, to lead to, wages, to end up being, have as a consequence, therefore, so then, consequently, as a result, for this reason, with the result that, so that as a result, to cause, which caused, so that, that, accordingly, then, hence, and so, yield, has the effect of

    • 9.6.2.6.1 Without result

    Use this domain for words indicating that something had no result.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89H Result
  • What words indicate that something had no result?
    without result, without effect, in vain, to no avail, with no result, have no discernable effect, pointless, useless, worthless, be left with nothing, not yield

    • 9.6.2.7 Purpose

    Use this domain for words indicating that something was done for the purpose of another thing happening.

    Related domains: 
    9.5.1.6.3 Goal (of movement)
    3.3.1.1 Purpose, goal
    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89I Purpose
  • What words indicate the intended purpose of something?
    for, for the purpose of, for the sake of, with the purpose of, to, in order to, so that, to show that,
  • What words indicate that the purpose is so that something will not happen?
    in order that...not, so that...not, lest

    • 9.6.2.7.1 Without purpose

    Use this domain for words indicating that something had no purpose.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89I Purpose
  • What words indicate that there is no purpose to an action?
    without purpose, for no purpose, in vain, purposeless, senseless, chance, indiscriminate, meaningless, pointless, undirected,

    • 9.6.2.8 Condition

    Use this section for verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate a clause in a conditional sentence (If this is true, then that is true). The following definitions are taken from Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89J Condition
  • Conditional sentences: Conditional sentences consist of two clauses, the 'if'-clause or protasis (which is a subordinate clause) and the 'then'-clause or apodosis (which is the main clause). Both of these clauses may take special verb forms. (Interestingly enough, they sometime both take the same special verb forms.)
  • There are at least three types of conditional sentences. (Labels, explanations, and examples from Li and Thompson 1981): [Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.]
  • reality condition: a conditional relation between two propositions referring to the so-called real world: 'If you see my sister, you will know that she is pregnant'.
  • hypothetical: the situation is unreal or imagined, but one that could be true: 'If we moved, we could have a garden'.
  • counterfactual: the proposition describes an unreal or imagined situation that could have been true but was not: 'If you had taken algebra, you would know this formula' (but you did not).
  • The verb forms that occur in these sentences will be coded according to the type of sentence, and according to which clause of the sentence they occur in.
  • Example: the English 'had' + past participle would be coded as:
  • meaning label: protasis
  • meaning label: counterfactual
  • Since the conjunction 'if' obligatorily occurs in the protasis, there will also be the following:
  • Co-occurrence restriction: 'if'
  • This indicates that a morpheme meaning 'if' obligatorily occurs in the protasis. If no such morpheme is necessary, then there will be no co-occurrence restriction.
  • What words indicate the condition of a conditional sentence?
    condition, if, if indeed, if at all, whether...or, or else, otherwise, unless

    • 9.6.2.9 Concession

    Use this domain for words indicating that the speaker is conceding a point in a debate.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    89K Concession
  • What words indicate that the speaker is conceding a point?
    concession, although, though, even though, and yet, even if, nevertheless

    • 9.6.3 Discourse markers

    Use this domain for conjunctions and particles that function on the discourse level, and whose meaning and function is uncertain.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91 Discourse Markers
  • What discourse markers are in your language?
    just, you know, OK, yeah, like

    • 9.6.3.1 Markers of transition

    Use this domain for conjunctions that simply move the discourse forward without any specific relationship indicated between what comes before and what comes after.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91A Markers of Transition
  • What words are used to join two clauses or sentences without specifying the relationship between them?
    and, then, but, now, it happened that, it came to pass that, one day, my next topic is, my next point is, now about

    • 9.6.3.2 Markers of emphasis

    Use this domain for words that indicate that the phrase or sentence is particularly important.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91B Markers of Emphasis
  • What words indicate that a phrase or sentence is important?
    then, indeed, surely, so, certainly, in fact, actually, how, you know, really, sure, just, you know don't you that, how much more, emphatically, absolutely, without question, no way, of course, obviously, you've got to be kidding, it is just that, the only thing is, one thing that, in reality, only that, as it were, just as you can see, as you know, without a doubt, don't you remember, I am convinced that

    • 9.6.3.3 Prompters of attention

    Use this domain for words that are used to get someone's attention or direct the listener's attention to something. These may use a verb meaning 'look' or 'listen'. Some may be a word specifically referring to attention. Others may be a greeting. Others may be words that refer to non-verbal communication such as clearing your throat.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91C Prompters of Attention
  • What words are used to get someone's attention?
    you, you there, hey you, hello, excuse me, attention, attention please, may I have your attention please, pay attention, listen up everybody, now hear this, and now for an important announcement, and now for a word from our sponsor, just a moment, wait a minute, lend me your ears, look here, ahem
  • What words are used to direct someone's attention to something?
    behold, look, will you look at that, get a load of this, (point)
  • What words are used to warn someone of danger?
    watch out, look out, heads up, hit the dirt, get out of the way, here it comes, oh no, (scream)
  • What non-verbal means are used to get someone's attention
    clear throat, whistle, raise hand

    • 9.6.3.4 Markers of direct address

    Use this domain for words that the speaker uses to refer to the person he is addressing. These words are usually used when you start talking to someone, but can be used during a speech or conversation to refer to the person you are talking to.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91D Markers of Direct Address
  • What words are used when you start talking to someone?
    O, sir, ma'am, ladies and gentlemen, men and brothers, (look) you, (listen) all of you

    • 9.6.3.5 Markers of identificational and explanatory clauses

    Use this domain for words that begin a clause that identifies a specific case or example of what has just been said, or that explains what has just been said. Specific case: I have just mentioned a general class of things or a general idea and want to give a specific example of what I am talking about. Explanation: I have just said something and I think people might misunderstand, so I want to explain what I mean. Digression: I am talking about a particular topic, but want to say something that does not fit into my topic, so I say something that is about a different topic.

    Louw Nida Codes: 
    91E Markers of Identificational and Explanatory Clauses
  • What words are used to identify a specific case?
    that, namely, namely that, that is, i.e.
  • What words are used to introduce an example?
    for example, e.g., as follows, as below, such as, let me give you an example, to illustrate
  • What words are used to introduce an explanation?
    what I mean is, that is to say, let me add, allow me to explain, it's like
  • What words are used to introduce a conclusion?
    which shows that, so we find, so we see
  • What words mark a digression?
    let me just insert, as an aside, this is off the subject, oh by the way

    • 9.6.3.6 Markers of focus

    Use this domain for words indicating that one of several things is in focus.

  • What words focus especially on one of several things?
    especially, particularly, particular, most of all

    • 9.6.3.7 Hesitation fillers

    Use this domain for words that a speaker uses when he hesitates or pauses while he is speaking in order to think about what he is saying.

  • What words are used when a speaker hesitates or pauses to think?
    um, uh, er, hmm, yeah, let's see, hold on a minute, let me see, let me think

    • 9.6.3.8 Honorifics

    Use this domain for words that the speaker uses to show respect or a lack of respect to the person he is addressing. Some languages have elaborate systems of honorifics. Other languages have none. Languages with a stratified social structure often use honorifics. Egalitarian societies generally lack them, but some egalitarian societies may use them. For instance in Nahuatl there are four levels of honorifics. Level 1 is how one addresses intimates, small children, and pets. Level 2 is for strangers and persons treated formally. Level 3 is for respected persons, the dead, and God. Level 4 is for obsequious respect, as for the archbishop in an interview with a priest, and for ritual kin. (Jane H. Hill and Kenneth C. Hill. 1978. Honorific usage in modern Nahuatl: the expression of social distance and respect in the Nahuatl of the Malinche Volcano area, Language 54:123-155.) In Japanese, which has a stratified social structure, a person uses one set of words and affixes when speaking to someone below you in the social hierarchy, such as your wife, children, and pets. A different set of words is used when speaking to peers. Another set is used when speaking to a superior. A fourth set is used when speaking to the emperor. English used to have two pronouns for second person singular. 'Thou' was used for equals and inferiors, and 'you' was used for superiors. Your language may have special honorific words used as (1) pronouns, (2) affixes, (3) particles, (4) terms of direct address, (5) greetings (6) requests, (7) apologies.

  • What pronouns are used to show respect or a lack of respect?
    thou (archaic), you (archaic),
  • What affixes are used to show respect?
    (none in English)
  • What particles are used to show respect?
    please,
  • What terms of direct address are used to show respect?
    sir, ma'am, your honor, your majesty,
  • What words are used in greetings to show respect?
    hey, hi, hello, pleased to meet you,
  • What words are used in requests to show respect?
    may, can,
  • What words are used in apologies to show respect?
    sorry, excuse me, I beg your pardon,