9.6.2 Dependency relations

Use this domain for words indicating that something is dependent on another thing.

Louw Nida Codes:

89B Dependency

What words express the fact that something is logically dependent on another?

to depend on, that depends, depend upon, dependency, dependent, hang on, tied to, lean on, stand on, supportive relationship

9.6.2.1 Derivation

Use this domain for words indicating that something derives from another thing.

Louw Nida Codes:

89C Derivation

What words express the fact that something is derived from another?

derive, derived from, derivation, rooted in the past,

9.6.2.2 Limitation of topic

Use this domain for words indicating the topic that is being talked about.

Louw Nida Codes:

89D Specification

What words indicate the specific area or topic that is being talked about?

specify, specified, specification, specifically in regard to, with regard to, in the case of, concerning, in the area of, in, with, between...and, as touching, particular, particularly, more especially

9.6.2.2.1 In general

Use this domain for words indicating that something is generally true, but not true in every case.

What words indicate that something is generally true?

in general, generally, mostly, on the whole, in most cases,

9.6.2.3 Relations involving correspondences

Use this domain for words indicating relations involving correspondences--a situation in which one thing is the same or similar in some respect to something else.

Louw Nida Codes:

89E Relations Involving Correspondence

What words indicate that one thing corresponds to another?

correspond to, correspondence, in accordance with, in relation to, according to, in line with, in proportion to, to apply to, to regard as applicable to, in keeping with

9.6.2.4 Basis

Use this domain for words indicating that something is the basis for another thing.

Louw Nida Codes:

89F Basis

What words indicate that one thing is the basis for another?

basis, foundation, on the basis of, in view of, by virtue of, be the basis of, form the basis of, on what basis? What do you base your...?

9.6.2.5 Cause

Use this domain for words that indicate that someone or something is the cause for an event or state, that one event is the cause for another event or state, or that an event or state is reasonable (having sufficient cause). For instance in the sentence, "John caused David to fall," "John caused" is an enabling proposition that brings about the primary proposition "David fell."

Louw Nida Codes:

89G Cause and/or Reason

What words indicate that someone caused something to happen?

made, cause

What words indicate that something is the cause or reason for an event or state?

cause, reason, source, because, because of, for this reason, for the above reasons, for the following reasons, first cause, origin, breed (v), gives birth to, due to, owing to, thus

What words indicate that something is reasonable?

reasonable

9.6.2.5.1 Reason

Use this domain for words that reason why someone does something.

Louw Nida Codes:

89G Cause and/or Reason

What words reason why someone does something?

reason, motive, motivation

What words refer to a reason that explains why something happened?

reason, explanation,

9.6.2.5.2 Without cause

Use this domain for words that indicate that an event or state has no cause or reason, or is unreasonable (has insufficient cause).

Louw Nida Codes:

89G Cause and/or Reason

What words indicate that something has no cause or reason?

without cause, unreasonable, without basis, absurd, for no reason, by itself

What words indicate that something is contrary to reason?

contrary to reason, absurd

What words indicate that something is self-caused?

9.6.2.6 Result

Use this domain for words indicating that something is the result of another thing.

Louw Nida Codes:

89H Result

What words indicate the result of something?

result, outcome, end, to result in, to lead to, wages, to end up being, have as a consequence, therefore, so then, consequently, as a result, for this reason, with the result that, so that as a result, to cause, which caused, so that, that, accordingly, then, hence, and so, yield, has the effect of

9.6.2.6.1 Without result

Use this domain for words indicating that something had no result.

Louw Nida Codes:

89H Result

What words indicate that something had no result?

without result, without effect, in vain, to no avail, with no result, have no discernable effect, pointless, useless, worthless, be left with nothing, not yield

9.6.2.7 Purpose

Use this domain for words indicating that something was done for the purpose of another thing happening.

Louw Nida Codes:

89I Purpose

What words indicate the intended purpose of something?

for, for the purpose of, for the sake of, with the purpose of, to, in order to, so that, to show that,

What words indicate that the purpose is so that something will not happen?

in order that...not, so that...not, lest

9.6.2.7.1 Without purpose

Use this domain for words indicating that something had no purpose.

Louw Nida Codes:

89I Purpose

What words indicate that there is no purpose to an action?

without purpose, for no purpose, in vain, purposeless, senseless, chance, indiscriminate, meaningless, pointless, undirected,

9.6.2.8 Condition

Use this section for verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate a clause in a conditional sentence (If this is true, then that is true). The following definitions are taken from Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Louw Nida Codes:

89J Condition

Conditional sentences: Conditional sentences consist of two clauses, the 'if'-clause or protasis (which is a subordinate clause) and the 'then'-clause or apodosis (which is the main clause). Both of these clauses may take special verb forms. (Interestingly enough, they sometime both take the same special verb forms.)

There are at least three types of conditional sentences. (Labels, explanations, and examples from Li and Thompson 1981): [Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.]

reality condition: a conditional relation between two propositions referring to the so-called real world: 'If you see my sister, you will know that she is pregnant'.

hypothetical: the situation is unreal or imagined, but one that could be true: 'If we moved, we could have a garden'.

counterfactual: the proposition describes an unreal or imagined situation that could have been true but was not: 'If you had taken algebra, you would know this formula' (but you did not).

The verb forms that occur in these sentences will be coded according to the type of sentence, and according to which clause of the sentence they occur in.

Example: the English 'had' + past participle would be coded as:

meaning label: protasis

meaning label: counterfactual

Since the conjunction 'if' obligatorily occurs in the protasis, there will also be the following:

Co-occurrence restriction: 'if'

This indicates that a morpheme meaning 'if' obligatorily occurs in the protasis. If no such morpheme is necessary, then there will be no co-occurrence restriction.

What words indicate the condition of a conditional sentence?

condition, if, if indeed, if at all, whether...or, or else, otherwise, unless

9.6.2.9 Concession

Use this domain for words indicating that the speaker is conceding a point in a debate.

Louw Nida Codes:

89K Concession

What words indicate that the speaker is conceding a point?

concession, although, though, even though, and yet, even if, nevertheless